Month: December 2017

Preventative Medicine and Sports Therapy for Performing Arts

Medicine blogger

Theatre is a wonderful form of entertainment and depends on performing artists who are highly dedicated to their craft to create the magic so often found there. The industry, however, is highly competitive and extremely demanding of performers. When people think of athletes they may picture football, tennis or basketball players or long distance runners. But like other athletes, dancers and musicians also experience injury and develop conditions as a result of their trade.

Professional musicians and dancers face common injuries like tendinitis, sprains, muscle strains, carpal tunnel syndrome, neck and back pain, and other orthopedic, neurologic and musculoskeletal conditions.

Think about the repetitive nature of practice and performance for string musicians, pianists and wind instrument players. Its little wonder they often suffer from conditions related to overuse of the tendons, ligaments, muscles and joints. Neck and shoulder pain is very common. So is pain in the hands. Dancers tend to face musculoskeletal and orthopedic conditions involving the feet, ankles, hips and knees and are also more prone to injury regarding bones and ligaments such as the ACL.

For these reasons preventative medicine and sports therapy for performing artists are growing.

Occasionally chronic injuries and/or conditions develop as a result of incorrect posture, stress, insufficient rest and excessive force placed upon the bones, ligaments, joints, muscles or tendons. Passion that drives performing artists also tends to produce people so committed to the craft they often tend to accept a lifestyle of injury as easily as theyve embraced the physical demands placed upon them. But the two are not the same, and injury left untreated can jeopardize a performers career. Performing artists who ignore early symptoms of an injury or condition and continue working, without allowing conditions or injuries to heal, arent thinking of the long term consequences to their body and their ability to work. Ignoring a small problem now can lead to a larger one later.

Preventative medicine and sports therapy for performing artists can teach them how to avoid injury and reduce the likelihood of a developing an unwanted condition. Performers can learn techniques for reducing force on joints by selectively strengthening and balancing the muscles needed to perform. Musicians can learn about how different postures reduce muscle tension produced while playing their instruments. Dancers who struggle with osteoarthritis in their hips and knees may receive Durolane injections directly into the joints to lubricate them, relieving pain and inflammation. Can you imagine how much relief this brings to a dancer otherwise forcing him or herself to continue dancing in pain?

Techniques that both dancers and musicians can adopt include warm up and cool down exercises, stretches, short breaks, adjustments in technique, use of devices and modified foot gear, massage therapy and more. Sports therapy professionals can work with performing artists to stretch and loosen tight areas and strengthen weak ones. Combination treatment options like injections in correlation with procedures for reducing inflammation and blood flow to a targeted region are essential restorative therapies which often remove the need for surgery.

It is not uncommon to see medical personnel from sports therapy clinics present at rehearsals and performances. These behind the scenes professionals can do wonders to support and enhance performing artists, helping them avoid injury and also mitigating injuries to avoid further damage. Sports medicine is a quickly evolving industry and medical advances are constant. Performing artists stand to increase their rate of long-term success by establishing and building a relationship with a good sports therapy clinic that understands and specializes in treatment of people in their industry.

Sound care now becomes an investment enabling performing artists to increase their level of pain-free comfort, physical strength, enjoyment and longevity within the field they are passionate about — and that many hope to continue well into their senior years.

Electron Ionization Cross Section in relation to dosage of medicine-Antimicrobial drugs

Medicine blogger

Electron Ionization Cross Section in relation to dosage of medicine-Antimicrobial drugs By (1 S.Kavitha, 2 V.R. Murthy,,3 K.R.S. Samba Siva Rao)1(Research Scholar, Dept. of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur. Andhra Pradesh. India, 2(Prof.& Head, Dept. of Physics (P.G. Course), T.J.P.S. College, Guntur. Andhra Pradesh. India. (3 Prof. & Head, Dept. of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur. Andhra Pradesh. S.,*Corresponding author

Abstract

Physical parameters such as molecular polarizability, diamagnetic susceptibility, and molecular electron ionisation cross section are important parameters bearing some dependence on the dosage of the medicine through the electron transfer of the medicine in the process of diagnosis. Hence they are analysed and used in calculating the dosage of few anti-microbial drugs, in particular Quinolones. Data collected on Plasma protein binding Bioavailability, Half-life period and Log P show dependence on Q and is expressed in the form of a mathematical equation. The dosage thus calculated by above parameters has a good agreement with the suggested dosage values. For example Ciprofloxacin has the reported dosage value1.0grms/day against the calculated dosage value 0.849grams /day. In case of other drug Lomefloxacin, the calculated value is 0.394 grams /day against the reported value 0.4 grams /day. Similar observation was done in case of other quinolones compounds also. The present method enables a new approach in finding out the drug activity and is preferred to the highly theoretical approaches involving quantum mechanical methods.

Key words: Dosage, Half Life Period, Electron Ionisation cross section.

Introduction: The quinolones are potent synthetic chemotherapeutic, broad-spectrum antibiotics 1, 2. Since the introduction of Nalidixic acid in 1962 3, 4 several structural modifications have resulted in second, third and fourth generation antibiotics. With the recent introduction of agents such as Gatifloxacin and Moxifloxacin, the traditional gram-negative coverage of fluroquinolones has been expanded to include specific gram positive organisms5.Community acquired pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Even with optimal therapy, this illness is associated with mortality rates of approximately 15 percent.6

Therapeutic uses of fluoroquinolones include the following: 1) For serious acute cases of pyelonephritis or bacterial prostatis, where the patient may need to be hospitalised, fluoroquinolones such as Ciprofloxacin, 7oflaxacin, lomefloxacin, enofloxacin, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin are recommended.8 2) Due to excellent penetration into prostatic tissue, norfloxacin, levofloxacin,ciprofloxacin and iflaxacinhave eradication rates of 67 to 91%.9,7 3) The U.S.Food and drug administrationhas labelled gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin and levofloxacin for use in the treatment of acute sinusitis.10For severe forms of community aqured pneumonia , the fluroquinolones are associated with improved treatment rates.11 4) In case of sexually transmitted diseases, a single dose of ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin is considered as alternative treatment in for example patients with pencillin allergy.12 5) Fluroquinolones in combination with other drugs such as ofloxacin plus metronidazole or Cefoxitin and ciprofloxacin plus clindamycin 7,10 are used to relieve pelvic inflammatory, Diabetic food infections etc. Norfloxacin or ciprofloxacin are used in the treatment of traveller’s diarrhea and certain other infections such as typhoid fever and Vibrio cholera. Adverse events: Although quinolones are well tolerated and relatively safe, certain adverse effects are 13, 14 common. Gastro intestinal and Central nervous system 15,16 effects are the most frequent adverse events occurring in 2 to 20 per cent of patients 17-22.Other adverse effects such as QTC prolongation, 23,24 hepatotoxicity, tendon rupture, cardiovascular toxicity, disturbed blood glucose levels 25,26 certain dermatologic effects etc.

Mechanism of fluoroquinolones: Fluoroquinolones interfere with bacterial DNA metabolism by the inhibition of two enzymes, Topoisomerase II (Syn. DNA gyrase) and Topoisomerase IV. In gram-negative organisms DNA gyrase is the primary target, where as in Gram -positive bacteria topoisomerase IV was recently found to be most affected. The function of DNA gyrase is to introduce supercoils into the linear DNA double helix, which results in the highly condensed three dimensional structure of the DNA usually present inside the cell. The function of topoisomerase IV is involved in the separation process of the DNA daughter chains after chromosome duplication. DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV have a very similar protein structure, each composed of two sub units(Gyr-A and gyr-B). The Gyr-A subunits of this enzyme were proposed to initially bind to the double stranded DNA helix. In an ATP-dependent process, described as intermediate gate opening step-, both DNA strands are leaved at certain 4 base pair staggered sites. The 5’ends of the DNA chain are thereby bound covalently to Tyrosine 122 residues with in the Gyr-A-subunits. Gyr-B-subunits are probably responsible for the ATP-dependent releasing process of the DNA. Two quinolones molecules self-assemble inside the pocket in dimer structure 27 and attach to the gyrase -DNA complex electrostatically, which stabilizes the intermediate stage of this reaction step. Permanent gaps in the DNA strands induce synthesis of repair enzymes (exonucleases) initiating uncoordinated repair process, which results in irreversible damage to the DNA and, finally, cell death. 28, 29

Methodology: A knowledge of Molecular polarizability, diamagnetic susceptibility, Molecular electron ionisation cross section reflects on transport mobility, activity and the vigour of the electron associate with the interaction of the medicine with the electrons released from host cell(or effected cell) of the body during the reaction .Hence an investigation of these properties leading to the dosage of the few anti-microbial drugs (Quinolones) is taken up in the present investigation. The above parameters are obtained through quantum mechanical approach of Lippincott, Bond Polorizability and Bond Refractivity of Le Fevre. The diamagnetic susceptibility for these systems is evaluated using Rao &Murthy’s method. The molecular electron ionization cross section is then evaluated from diamagnetic susceptibility using modified Kevan’s formula of Murthy et al. The electron ionization cross section along with the data of Protein binding, Bioavailability, Log P,& Half-life are taken from Wikipedia are used in the present investigation.30 The related work of drug dosage activity through molecular electron ionization cross- section and medical parameters like bioavailability, protein binding etc., has been reported by Murthy et al in a few medicinal systems. 31, 32, 33 The present paper deals with the evaluation of dosages of a few anti-microbial drugs (Quinolones). The information regarding the Molecular polarizability obtained by Lippincott method, Bond polarizability and Bond refractivity, diamagnetic susceptibility and molecular electron ionisation cross section was given in already accepted previous papers31, 32, 33, 34

?aP = 4nA/ao [(R2/4) + (1/2(CR)2)]2 x e-(XA-XB)2/4 (1)

?an = ? fj aj (2)

? 2 a- = n df ?2j/?j2 (3)

aM=1/3[?aP+? a n +? 2 a-] (4)

aM=?[3/4pN?](R8) (5)

aM= n1 a(c=c) + n2 a(c-c) +———– ——–=Ojnjaj (6)

?M = ? m s1aM (7)

Q (in 10-16cm2)=0.278n ?M ( 8)

Molecular polarizablility can be calculated by Lippincott method, Bond refraction method and Bond polarizability method. The aM by Lippincott method is evaluated with help of parallel component (?a?p), Perpendicular component (?2a-) and ?a?n .The parallel Component?a?p, is based on parameters i.e. A, CR, ao are taken from Lippincott35 are given in the equation(1).The values of bond lengths required for evaluating?a?p are taken from CRC Hand book of Physics and Chemistry.36 Similarly the perpendicular component is given in the equation(3).The electronegativity and atomic polarizability values are taken from the reference.36Thus calculated ?a?p, ?a?n and ?2a- are given in table I. Finally from these values aM is measured by the formula (4). Molecular polarizabilty obtained by other methods i.e Bond polarizablity and Bond refraction methods are given table II. The values needed to calculate the mean molecular polarizabilty -aM’ from Bond refractivities and Bond polarizabiltes are taken from Le Fevre37.and expressed in 10-25cm3.

The diamagnetic susceptibility -?M’ is calculated with the help of equation 7. The -aM’ values obtained by three methods i.e. Lippincott, Bond polarizablity and Bond refraction are inserted in the given equation which gives the ?M. The necessary data required for the calculation of -s’ Covalency factor taken from reference. 38

The covalency factor is calculated as s=[s1 1/n1. s2 1/n2——–s n 1/n8-]1/2 (9) s=e-(XA-XB)2/4 Where XA and XB are electronegativity of the bond A- B respectively and n1, n2 are the bond orders. Calculation of ?M is immediately followed by -Q’, Electron ionisation cross section which only needs the ?M value. The ?M and -Q’ values obtained by Lippincott Bond polarizablity and Bond refraction are shown in the table III. Practical approach for diamagnetic susceptibility through vibrational magnetometer technique is under progress. Of the three methods -Q’ obtained by Bond polarizablities are taken as standard because, this method is found to be sensitive to conformational changes than the other two methods. In table IV, the calculated values of Electron ionisation cross section -Q’ along with other medicinal parameters are given. These include Protein binding, Bioavailability, Log P and Half life period of some anti-microbial (Quinolones). The data required are taken from Wikepedia30. By calculating the -Q’, an attempt has been done in studying the activity of a drug and further its interaction with the target molecule. Finally with the help of the expression 10, dosage of antimicrobial drugs is calculated and compared with the reported dosage values taken from reference 30. The results are given in the table V.

=((Q/D)2/3LLogP) va/5 (10)

Where, Q – Electron ionisation cross section D-Dosage of the drug L- is the Half-life period Log P -Hydrophobicity a= (PB)(BA)/6ms

Where, m – the no.of unsaturation bonds PB -Protein binding BA-Bioavailabilty s- the Covalency factor

Results and Discussion: A keen observation of the dosages of the medicinal compounds calculated and reported show he following features. The calculated dosage of Prefloxacin is 0.825 grams per day against the reported dosage value 0.8grams per day. Similarly Lomefloxacin and Sparfloxacin has the calculated value 0.394 grams per day and 0.211 grams per day compared with the reported dosage value0.4 grams and 0.222grams per day. Good agreement regarding the dosage values were observed in case of other medicinal compounds also. An analytical approach on Q and medicinal parameters reveal some observations .Generally the medicinal compounds having similarity in their structure are analysed. In case of Quinolones (Antimicrobial drugs) ,Prefloxacin has the -Q’valuei.e3.03×10-16 cm2 less than Lomefloxacin Q value11. 27×10-16 cm2 But increased half-life period 8.6hrs than half life period of Lomefloxacin 3 to 5 hrs. Similarly for Nalidixic acid the half life is 1.1to2.5hrsless than the Ciprofloxacin h alflife period i.e.3 to 4 hrs. Compared to the -Q’ values of Nalidixic acid (12.23×10-16 cm2) and Norfloxacin (8.33×10-16 cm2). An attempt has been made in analysing the relation between Log P (Hydrophobicity) and ‘Q’ Electron ionization cross section. The hydrophobicity of Sparfloxacin is2.5 compared with the hydrophobicity value of Moxifloxcin 2.9 against the -Q’ value Sparfloxacin11.806×10-16 cm2 and Moxifloxacin 9.459 x10-16 cm2. Similar observations is done in case of Prefloxacin and Lomefloxacin. From the above data it is hypothesized that lower the hydrophobic nature of the drug higher may be the interaction of the drug with the target molecule and finally the activity of drug molecule i.e. Electron ionization cross section. Comparison of -Q’, Electron ionisation cross section value and the dosage value reflect some useful and supporting view to the above analysis. In case of Sparfloxacin Q value ( 11.806×10-16 cm2). The reported dosage value is0.22grams per day againt the lower Moxifloxacin Q value 9.459 x10-16 cm2 and higher dosage value 0.4grams per day respectively. Similarly Lomefloxacin (Q value11. 27×10-16 cm2) has 0.4grmas per day to Prefloxacin (Q’valueless than Lomefloxacin i.e3.03×10-16 cm2) dosage value 0.8 grams per day. Rigorous work is under study in order to understand the relation between -Q’, dosage and other medicinal parameters of other medicinal compounds.

A plausible explanation for this behaviour may be given as follows. An increase in electron transportation activity reflected by higher electron ionization cross section will tender the chemical reaction to be faster. Hence an incidence of electron from the donor to the place of malignity will make the process curing faster. Thus very little dosage of the medicine will be sufficient. A long continued impingement of the electrons on the malgn cells might develop saturation effects. Hence the life time of the drug for limited time suggested. Thus an increase in Q explains lower half life and lower dosage. A continued dosage of such medicine might result in undesirable toxic effects. Rigorous work is under study in order to understand the relation between -Q’, dosage and other medicinal parameters of other medicinal compounds.

Inference: The present method hints at study of important physical parameters like refractivity and electron ionization cross section through simple molecular structure. An elucidation of Q and its use with other medicinal parameters yield a new method of obtaining medicinal dosage. Thus the present method of arriving at medicinal dosage through physical parameters n, k ,Q give a novel approach of equation of dosage and looking at it from molecular level of interactions. This approach has the superiority over the already available sophisticated medicinal methods which involve highly theoretical quantum mechanical modelling, highly computive modelling or highly sophisticated physicochemical methods of drug analysis.

References 1)Nelson JM, Chiller TM, Powers JH, Angulo FJ (April 2007). “Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species and the withdrawal of fluoroquinolones from use in poultry: a public health success story”. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44 (7): 977-80. doi:10.1086/512369. PMID 17342653. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/512369?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2)Ivanov DV, Budanov SV (2006). “[Ciprofloxacin and antibacterial therapy of respiratory tract infections]” (in Russian). Antibiot. Khimioter. 51 (5): 29-37. PMID 17310788 3)Stacy J. Childs, MD (2000). “Safety of the Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics: Focus on Molecular Structure”. Infect Urol (USA: FQresearch) 13 (1): 3-10. 4)Catherine M.Oliphant,Pharm.D.,Gray M. Green, M.D.,-Quinolones: A Comprehensive Review-,Am Fam Physician. 2002 Feb1;65(3):455-465. 5)Turnidge J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fluoroquinolones. Drugs. 1999;58(suppl 2):29-36. 6)Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, File TM Jr, Musher DM, Fine MJ. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Infectious Disease Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:347-82. 7) Hooper D. Quinolones. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 5thed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:404-23. 8)Liu, H.; Mulholland, SG. (July 2005). “Appropriate antibiotic treatment of genitourinary infections in hospitalized patients.”. Am J Med 118 Suppl 7A: 14S-20S. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.05.009. PMID 15993673. 9)Sabbaj J, Hoagland VL, Cook T. Norfloxacin versus co-trimoxazole in the treatment of recurring urinary tract infections in men. Scand J Infect Dis 28 Suppl. 1986;48:48-53. 10)Hooper DC. New uses for new and old quinolones and the challenge of resistance. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:243-54. 11)Vardakas, KZ.; Siempos, II.; Grammatikos, A.; Athanassa, Z.; Korbila, IP.; Falagas, ME. (December 2008). “Respiratory fluoroquinolones for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.”. CMAJ 179 (12): 1269-77. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080358. PMID 19047608. PMC 2585120. http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/179/12/1269 12)1998 guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47(RR-1):1-111. 13)De Sarro A, De Sarro G (March 2001). “Adverse reactions to fluoroquinolones. an overview on mechanistic aspects” (PDF). Curr. Med. Chem. 8 (4): 371-84. PMID 11172695. http://www.fqresearch.org/pdf_files/cmc.pdf. 14)Owens RC, Ambrose PG (July 2005). “Antimicrobial safety: focus on fluoroquinolones”. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 Suppl 2: S144-57. doi:10.1086/428055. PMID 15942881. 15)Owens RC, Ambrose PG (July 2005). “Antimicrobial safety: focus on fluoroquinolones”. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 Suppl 2: S144-57. doi:10.1086/428055. PMID 15942881. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?CID34940

16) Iannini PB (June 2007). “The safety profile of moxifloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in special patient populations”. Curr Med Res Opin 23 (6): 1403-13. doi:10.1185/030079907X188099. PMID 17559736. 17)Hooper DC. Mode of action of fluoroquinolones. Drugs. 1999;58(suppl 2):6-10. 18)Hackbarth CJ, Chambers HF, Sande MA. Serumbactericidal activity of rifampin in combination with other antimicrobial agents againstStaphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986;29:611-3. 19)Walker RC. The fluoroquinolones. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74:1030-7. 20). Lipsky BA, Baker CA. Fluoroquinolone toxicity profiles: a review focusing on newer agents. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:352-64. 21)Stahlmann R, Lode H. Toxicity of quinolones. Drugs. 1999;58(suppl 2):37-42. 22)Harrell RM. Fluoroquinolone-induced tendinopathy: what do we know?. South Med J. 1999;92:622-5. 23)Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Rosmarakis ES (April 2007). “Arrhythmias associated with fluoroquinolone therapy”. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 29 (4): 374-9. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.11.011. PMID 17241772. 24)Rubinstein E (2001). “History of quinolones and their side effects”. Chemotherapy 47 Suppl 3: 3-8; discussion 44-8. doi:10.1159/000057838. PMID 11549783. http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=che7c003 25)Mehlhorn AJ, Brown DA (November 2007). “Safety concerns with fluoroquinolones”. Ann Pharmacother 41 (11): 1859-66. doi:10.1345/aph.1K347. PMID 17911203. 26)Lewis RJ, Mohr JF (2008). “Dysglycaemias and fluoroquinolones”. Drug Saf 31 (4): 283-92. doi:10.2165/00002018-200831040-00002. PMID 18366239. 27)Hooper DC, Wolfson JS: Mechanism of quinolone action and bacterial killing, in Hooper DC, Wolfson JS (eds): Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents, ed 2. Washington DC, American Society for Microbiology: 53 – 75, 1993. 28)Shen LL: Quinolone – DNA interaction, in Hooper DC, Wolfson JS (eds): Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents, ed 2. Washington DC, American Society for Microbiology: 77 – 95, 1993. 29)Morais Cabral JH, Jackson AP, Smith CV, Shikotra N, Maxwell A, Liddington RC: Crystal structure of the breakage-reunion domain of DNA gyrase. Nature Vol 388 / 28: 903 – 906, 1997. 30)http://www.winkipedia.com 31)Murthy, V.R.& Venkata Raghuram D, Drug, dosage, activity, Studies of antimalarials by Physical methods-II, Bonformation 2(1); 12-16(2007). 32)Murthy, V.R.& Venkata Raghuram D and Murthy, P.N.romanian J.Phy. 17, 207, 2007. 33)Murthy, V.R.& Venkata Raghuram D and Murthy, P.N. Proce.National Seminar recent trends in Biomedical Physics. Guntur.(India) p.122-132. 34)V.R. Murthy, S.Kavitha, K.R.S. Samba Siva Rao,- Drug, Dosage Studies of A Few Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants- http://www.amazines.com/article_detail.cfm?articleid=2205851. 35) Rao. B.P., Murthy,V.R.,-Curr.Sci.-,1972, 41, No:1

36) David, R. Lide, CRC Hand Book of Chemistry and Physics, National Institute of Standard Technology, CRC Press LLC, London, (2004). 37)Molecular Refractivity and Polarizability by R.J.W. Le Fevr, Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry 3,1-90,(1965). 38) A Hand Book Of Chemistry and Physics ,CNR Rao, Mahanthy & others, Affliated East &West Press Limited, New Delhi,(1967).

TABLE-1 Molecular Polarizabilities of Anti-microbial drugs(Quinolones) by Lippincott method in 10-25cm3

S.NoName of the drug?a?p?a?n?2a- 1Nalidixic acid469.19117.784231.208 2Norfloxacin645.04924.96346.985 3Ciprofloxacin691.86624.956272.072 4Sparfloxacin768.94024.956272.072 5Moxifloxacin862.9924.703329.746 6Prefloxacin680.24320.756306.652 7Lomefloxacin687.93520.756269.383

TABLE-II Molecular Polarozablities (aM) in 10-25cm3 S. NoName of the drugaM by Lippincott methodaM by Bond PolarizablityaM by Bond Refraction 1Nalidixic acid231.208266.244247.319 2Norfloxacin315.907346.985333.101 3Ciprofloxacin329.631366.252342.97 4Sparfloxacin385.709383.183378.339 5Moxifloxacin405.814423.115421.671 6Prefloxacin335.894354.352352.635 7Lomefloxacin326.025347.852347.166

TABLE-III The Diamagnetic Susceptibilities (in 106CGS units) and Molecular Electron Ionisation cross section (in10-16cm2)of certain Anti-microbial drugs(Quinolones) ? M in 106CGS units Qin10-16cm2 S.NoName of the drugByByByByByBy LippincottBond PolarizabilityBondLippincottBond PolarizabilityBond Refraction method Refractionmethod 1Nalidixic acid56.41764.96760.3411.43313.16612.23 2Norfloxacin38.98942.82541.1127.9028.6798.332 3Ciprofloxacin65.82373.14668.49512.3414.82413.881 4Sparfloxacin59.39959.10158.25612.03811.97811.806 5Moxifloxacin44.9246.83546.6779.1049.4929.46 6Prefloxacin14.25415.03814.9642.8893.0483.033 7Lomefloxacin53.85155.74855.63810.91411.29511.276

TABLE-IV Electron Ionisation cross section (in10-16cm2 ) and other medicinal parameters

S.NoName of the drugQ PB BALog PHalf Life(hrs) 1Nalidixic acid12.23093962.11.1-2.51.383 2Norfloxacin8.33215502.13-41.1383 3Ciprofloxacin13.88130502.53-51.176 4Sparfloxacin11.80650502.5201.272 5Moxifloxacin9.45986-92402.9121.477 6Prefloxacin3.033251002.48.61.450 7Lomefloxacin11.2760.725502.13-51.335

TABLE-V Drug dosage (in grams/day) S. NoName of the druga’Calculated dosages grams/dayReported dosages grams/day 1Nalidixic acid0.0951.3834.0334.0 2Norfloxacin0.0091.1380.6510.80 3Ciprofloxacin0.0131.1790.8491.0 4Sparfloxacin0.0261.2730.2110.222 5Moxifloxacin0.0491.4750.4090.40 6Prefloxacin0.0691.4490.8250.8 7Lomefloxacin0.0371.3350.3940.4

Resveratrol The Best (Easy) Medicine For Anti-Aging

Medicine blogger

You’ve Heard Red Wine’s Good For You? Here’s Why

by Michael D. Hume, M.S.

Years ago, researchers from Harvard Medical School (and others) found an impressive nutrient with the power to fight aging, improve cardio-vascular and neurologic health, and help the human body battle everything from fatigue to disease. It’s called “resveratrol,” and it’s the ingredient in red wine that you’ve heard so much talk about lately.

How does it work?

Well, Father Time is wreaking havoc on your body, all the time. As you grow older (especially if you can manage to do it in our modern fast-food-and-TV societies), your body is bombarded by toxins of all sorts, from airborne and food-borne toxins to the stuff your flourescent lights are putting out that’s slowly killing your brain. The bad stuff attacks your cells, and literally starts tearing them apart. You’ve heard the term “free radical,” right? Those are particles torn from your cells that are floating around inside you, looking to attach themselves to healthy cells (and thereby making those cells UN-healthy in short order). Even if you lived a brilliantly clean life (and you don’t), this would happen anyway… your cells just break down over time. The technical term for this is “oxidation,” and you know it as “gettin’ old.”

To fight the oxidation of their cells – from both natural aging and the more unnatural aspects of life in 2011 – people buy and consume mass quantities of “anti-oxidants.” Not enough people do this, of course, and you can almost see it in the color of their hair and the wrinkles in their skin. Anti-oxidants are VERY important, and should be one of the centerpieces of your daily supplement regimen. They work to help your body repair those damaged cells, safely eliminate those free radicals, and resist further damage. Think of anti-oxidants as the Health Patrol in your body, running around fixing and protecting you at the cellular level… and foiling the attacks of Father Time.

And one of the best anti-oxidants (if not THE best) is resveratrol.

That’s why many researchers are saying that, not only will a glass or two of red wine every day not kill you, it would be good for you. You actually get a tiny benefit from the alcohol (as long as you don’t overdo it), because it helps clean your blood and reduce your bad cholesterol. But the big bennies come from the resveratrol, the commanding general of that Health Patrol we talked about. Resveratrol, in the right concentration, literally turns on human genes that order your cells to fix themselves.

The trouble is, you’d have to drink hundreds of glasses of wine every day to get resveratrol in the “right concentration” to activate those genes. Here’s a hint: don’t do that. One day like that, and you’re off the planet… not to mention that, while drunkenness of any kind is horrible for you, red wine produces a particularly mean and unpleasant kind of hangover that you just don’t want. Or so somebody told me. Even slightly over-doing it, over time, can make you fat and lazy. Wine does contain sugar, after all, and sugar’s just not all that great for your body.

So many companies are putting out resveratrol supplements, and if you haven’t added such a supplement to your daily health regimen, you should. Is it the very best medicine for anti-aging? No, highly-expensive clinical gene therapy is probably better. But for the average person, resveratrol is the best “available” medicine to help your body fight the clock.

When choosing a resveratrol supplement, there are a few things you need to look for. First, don’t just cheap out. The quality, potency, and safety of resveratrol supplements varies greatly, and you don’t want to get what’s cheap if it isn’t good. You want to make sure the product you buy is safe: the nutrient should be high-quality, harvested from a location where they care about things like purity and human rights, tested to be free of agricultural chemicals, and manufactured in a safe (inspected) facility. And if you can, get an activated liquid product for optimal delivery of the nutrient to your cells (resveratrol is only moderately absorbed from the human gut).

I use just such a resveratrol supplement that mimics the wine I love to drink (but shouldn’t drink as much of as I sometimes have!). It even comes in a wine bottle, and I can mix just a little bit of it with water to make a glass of “fake wine” that’s REALLY good for me. I’ve been focusing on using it daily for a few days now, and I can really feel the difference in my energy level. And Friend Wife even told me this weekend that my face looks… younger!

I recommend resveratrol, taken in the right concentration with a healthy dose of the other thing that fights aging: optimism. Sure, the world is trying to make you old quickly these days, and you have to contend with everything from taking care of your business in your day job to dealing with the effects of a crumbling global economy. And do you really want to rely on government health care? But things will get better. For one thing, after a regimen of anti-oxidants such as resveratrol, you’ll be “younger” next month! You’ll have more energy to do battle with the challenges in your life. In short, your life improves as YOU take personal responsibility to improve yourself. And a strong commitment to daily health habits, such as consistent use of the miracle of resveratrol, will literally make you better every day.

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Michael Hume is a speaker, writer, and consultant specializing in helping people maximize their potential and enjoy inspiring lives. As part of his inspirational leadership mission, he coaches executives and leaders in growing their personal sense of well-being through wealth creation and management, along with personal vitality.

Those with an entrepreneurial spirit who want to make money “one less thing to worry about” can learn more about working with Michael at http://oneyearplan.net/michaeldhume

Anyone wanting to jump-start their vitality can browse through the best (and most convenient) nutraceuticals on the market at http://shop.enivausa.com/239824

Michael and his wife, Kathryn, divide their time between homes in California and Colorado. They are very proud of their offspring, who grew up to include a homemaker, a rock star, a service talent, and a television expert. Two grandchildren also warm their hearts! Visit Michael’s web site at http://michaelhume.net

Symptoms Of Diabetes And Baba Ramdev Medicines For Its Treatment

Medicine blogger

Symptoms of Diabetes and Baba ramdev medicines for its treatment

Infact every types of diabetes you see have the same symptoms where there you find excessive urination which account for the thirst and then dry mouth but also for the insufficient sleep at night just only because of the need to go to the toilet. This state you can parallel that by the lack of energy blur vision and also quick weight loss, abdominal pain further deep breathing and acetone smell breath may then also consist of symptoms of diabetes.

Swami Ramdev Medicine Divya Madhukalap vati for Diabetes

Swami Ramdev Medicine Divya Madhukalap vati is a superb herbal formulation you can use for controlling the blood sugar level. It is a nice mixture of natural products that greatly helps to control the blood sugar level. Madhukalap vati is a best unique combination of the Ayurvedic herbs which are combined jointly to formulate an better and effective remedy for controlling the blood sugar level. It is an excellent product that has widely shown very good results for controlling the overall blood sugar level. Madhukalap vati is a nice blend of natural herbs and do not produce any further side effects.

Treatment
While Type 1 diabetes have to submit overall themselves to the burden of insulin injection and self monitoring and the care of their insulin further supplies and equipments, though only the Type 2 diabetes have the need to moreover control their blood glucose and their blood pressure with their blood lipids these may be done that through medication, diet and even exercise but sometimes in addition the Type 2 diabetes have to make so insulin injections as the Type 1s diabetes with all the inconvenience rightly attached to it. As for treatment by insulin Dr Stoppard states and for it Glucose from the blood stream is the main source of energy produced for the bodys cells. Its absorption is better enabled by the pancreas, which fore produces insulin. Among all people those suffering from diabetes mellitus can be seen as build up of toxic by-products its like acetone with a pear drop smell, in total body occurs. This is mainly caused by the use of other sources of energy other than glucose. Hence the unused glucose further accumulates in the blood and urine and causing high blood sugar levels. 1 in 10 diabetes moreover depends on self administered injections of insulin and also the rest take oral drug and are careful about their diet. These treatments are can be find vital in preventing the symptoms of high blood sugar level like so frequent passing of urine, thirst and loss of weight overall as well as complications leading to peripheral nerve disorders all which may affect the eyes, kidneys, the cardiovascular system. The weakening of the immune system might also cause as infections like cystitis.

Traditional Chinese Medicine And Bnew For Weight Loss

Medicine blogger

Bnew Beauty and Body capsules are an herbal weight loss supplement formulated from herbs and all natural ingredients used in traditional chinese medicine.

Traditional Chinese Medicine or TCM can be traced back as far as 500 BC. As its name implies, it is based on medical practices originating in China and is much accepted throughout most of the East Asian medical communities. The philosophical concept that the universe is made of an energy called qi, forms the basis of this eastern medicine. Qi can amount to any state of energy present, however, in TCM it represents the “life-force”. It is believed that the body represents a small universe in itself. Within this universe lies intricate subsystems and levels of energy that work together to maintain a healthy state of being in mind, body, and spirit. TCM is based on various schools of thought including Ying/Yang theory, influences from Taoism and Buddhism, and described in terms of the five elements – metal, water, wood, fire, and earth.

Herbal medicine is one of the various treatments used in traditional chinese medicine. It is often used as an alternative to traditional western medicine where drugs are prescribe to help with illness, acne, and even weight loss. The all natural herbal approach is said to help you lose weight naturally, clear your skin, boost your energy levels, and help to restore the natural balance between body and mind.

bnew Beauty and Body capsules contain some of the ingredients used in TCM to help you lose weight and feel better naturally. Among bnew’s main ingredients are bee pollen, seaweed, dietary fiber, chinese yam, and lotus seed. Bee pollen has been called “the perfect food” because it contains every nutrient that your body needs to survive. It also increases your metabolism and is effective at dissolving and flushing fat from your body. Lotus seeds, another ingredient used in TCM, supports your spleen and kidneys and helps to keep them functioning properly. While seaweed, dietary fiber, and chinese yams work together to cleanse the body of toxic pollutants. The combination of these ingredients provide essential nutrients and vitamins, like zinc and Vitamin E that help you lose weight and clear your skin.

Because bnew uses all natural ingredients, it doesn’t pose the harsh side effects of other weight loss supplements. It helps to heal your body naturally with added benefits of clearer skin and more energy. As with most supplements, the best results occur when used in conjunction with proper diet and exercise. Whether you use bnew or any other herbal weight loss supplement you should consult your physician.